Business Transactions
كتاب البيوع
Read the English translation first, with the original Arabic directly underneath.
Hadith
Narrated Zaid bin THabit (RA):
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) gave permission regarding al-'Araya for its sale on the basis of a calculation (of what the dates would be when dry) by measure. [Agreed upon].
عَنْ زَيْدِ بْنِ ثَابِتٍ - رضى الله عنه - { أَنَّ رَسُولَ اَللَّهِ - صلى الله عليه وسلم -رَخَّصَ فِي اَلْعَرَايَا: أَنْ تُبَاعَ بِخَرْصِهَا كَيْلاً } مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ [1] .
Muslim has:
"He gave permission regarding al-'Araya (for its sale) in which the household buys its fruit on the basis of a calculation (of what the dates would be when dry), yet they could eat them fresh (from the tree).
وَلِمُسْلِمٍ: { رَخَّصَ فِي اَلْعَرِيَّةِ يَأْخُذُهَا أَهْلُ اَلْبَيْتِ بِخَرْصِهَا تَمْرًا، يَأْكُلُونَهَا رُطَبًا } [1] .
Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA):
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) gave permission regarding the sale of al-'Araya, on the basis of calculation of their amount, for dry dates, on the condition that they be less than five Awsuq, or amounting to five Awsuq. [Agreed upon].
وَعَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ - رضى الله عنه - { أَنَّ رَسُولَ اَللَّهِ - صلى الله عليه وسلم -رَخَّصَ فِي بَيْعِ اَلْعَرَايَا بِخَرْصِهَا, فِيمَا دُونَ خَمْسَةِ أَوْسُقٍ, أَوْ فِي خَمْسَةِ أَوْسُقٍ } مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ [1] .
Narrated Ibn 'Umar (RA):
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade the sale of fruits till they appear to ripe, forbidding it both to the seller and to the buyer. [Agreed upon].
وَعَنِ اِبْنِ عُمَرَ -رَضِيَ اَللَّهُ عَنْهُمَا- قَالَ: { نَهَى رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ - صلى الله عليه وسلم -عَنْ بَيْعِ اَلثِّمَارِ حَتَّى يَبْدُوَ صَلَاحُهَا, نَهَى اَلْبَائِعَ وَالْمُبْتَاعَ } مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ [1] .
A narration has:
"When he was asked about (the words): 'appear to be ripe'?" He (ﷺ) replied, "Till they were safe from damage or disease."
حَتَّى تَذْهَبَ عَاهَتُهُ
Narrated Anas bin Malik (RA):
The Prophet (ﷺ) forbade the sale of fruits till they become colorful. He was asked what that meant, he replied, "Till they become reddish and yellowish." [Agreed upon and the wording is al-Bukhari's].
وَعَنْ أَنَسِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ - رضى الله عنه - { أَنَّ اَلنَّبِيَّ - صلى الله عليه وسلم -نَهَى عَنْ بَيْعِ اَلثِّمَارِ حَتَّى تُزْهَى. قِيلَ: وَمَا زَهْوُهَا? قَالَ: " تَحْمَارُّ وَتَصْفَارُّ } مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ , وَاللَّفْظُ لِلْبُخَارِيِّ [1] .
Narrated Anas bin Malik (RA):
The Prophet (ﷺ) forbade the sale of grapes till they become black (i.e. ripe) and the sale of grain till it becomes hard (i.e. ripe). [Reported by al-Khamsah except an-Nasa'i and graded Sahih (authentic) by Ibn Hibban and al-Hakim].
وَعَنْ أَنَسِ بْنِ مَالِكٍ - رضى الله عنه - { أَنَّ اَلنَّبِيَّ - صلى الله عليه وسلم -نَهَى عَنْ بَيْعِ اَلْعِنَبِ حَتَّى يَسْوَدَّ, وَعَنْ بَيْعِ اَلْحَبِّ حَتَّى يَشْتَدَّ } رَوَاهُ اَلْخَمْسَةُ, إِلَّا النَّسَائِيَّ, وَصَحَّحَهُ اِبْنُ حِبَّانَ, وَالْحَاكِمُ [1] .
Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah (RA):
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "If you sell some fruit to your brother and it was struck by blight, it would not be lawful for you to take anything from him. How can you take your brother's money unjustly?" [Reported by Muslim].
وَعَنْ جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اَللَّهِ -رَضِيَ اَللَّهُ عَنْهُمَا- قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ - صلى الله عليه وسلم -{ لَوْ بِعْتَ مِنْ أَخِيكَ ثَمَراً فَأَصَابَتْهُ جَائِحَةٌ, فَلَا يَحِلُّ لَكَ أَنْ تَأْخُذَ مِنْهُ شَيْئًا. بِمَ تَأْخُذُ مَالَ أَخِيكَ بِغَيْرِ حَقٍّ? } رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ [1] .
In another narration he has:
"The Prophet (ﷺ) commanded that unforeseen loss be remitted in respect of what is affected by blight."
وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ لَهُ: { أَنَّ اَلنَّبِيَّ - صلى الله عليه وسلم -أَمَرَ بِوَضْعِ اَلْجَوَائِحِ } [1] .
Narrated Ibn 'Umar (RA):
The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "If anyone buys a palm tree after it has been pollinated, the fruits belong to the seller who has sold them unless the buyer makes a condition." [Agreed upon].
وَعَنِ اِبْنِ عُمَرَ -رَضِيَ اَللَّهُ عَنْهُمَا-, عَنِ النَّبِيِّ - صلى الله عليه وسلم -قَالَ: { مَنِ اِبْتَاعَ نَخْلًا بَعْدَ أَنْ تُؤَبَّرَ, فَثَمَرَتُهَا لِلْبَائِعِ اَلَّذِي بَاعَهَا, إِلَّا أَنْ يَشْتَرِطَ اَلْمُبْتَاعُ } مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ [1] .
Narrated Ibn 'Abbas (RA):
When the Prophet (ﷺ) came to al-Madinah, they were paying one and two years in advance for fruits. So he (ﷺ) said: "Those who paid in advance for fruits must do so for a specified measurement and weight, and for a specified time." [Agreed upon].
عَنِ اِبْنِ عَبَّاسٍ -رَضِيَ اَللَّهُ عَنْهُمَا- قَالَ: قَدِمَ اَلنَّبِيُّ - صلى الله عليه وسلم -اَلْمَدِينَةَ, وَهُمْ يُسْلِفُونَ فِي اَلثِّمَارِ اَلسَّنَةَ وَالسَّنَتَيْنِ, فَقَالَ: { مَنْ أَسْلَفَ فِي تَمْرٍ فَلْيُسْلِفْ فِي كَيْلٍ مَعْلُومٍ, وَوَزْنٍ مَعْلُومٍ, إِلَى أَجَلٍ مَعْلُومٍ } مُتَّفَقٌ عَلَيْهِ [1] .
al-Bukhari has:
"Those who pay in advance for anything."
مَنْ أَسْلَفَ فِي شَيْءٍ
Narrated 'Abdur-Rahman bin Abza and 'Abdullah bin Abu Aufa (RA):
"We were getting a portion of the spoils of war along with Allah's Messenger (ﷺ), and some Nabateans (Arabs who mixed with non-Arabs and corrupted their language and lineage) from those of Syria used to come to us and we would pay in advance to them for wheat, barley and raisins - A narration has: 'and olive oil' - for a specified fixed time." It was asked, "Did they have standing crop?" They replied, "We were not asking them about that." [Reported by al-Bukhari].
وَعَنْ عَبْدِ اَلرَّحْمَنِ بْنِ أَبْزَى، وَعَبْدِ اَللَّهِ بْنِ أَبِي أَوْفَى -رَضِيَ اَللَّهُ عَنْهُمَا- قَالَا: { كُنَّا نُصِيبُ اَلْمَغَانِمَ مَعَ رَسُولِ اَللَّهِ - صلى الله عليه وسلم -وَكَانَ يَأْتِينَا أَنْبَاطٌ مِنْ أَنْبَاطِ اَلشَّامِ, فَنُسْلِفُهُمْ فِي اَلْحِنْطَةِ وَالشَّعِيرِ وَالزَّبِيبِ - وَفِي رِوَايَةٍ: وَالزَّيْتِ [1] - إِلَى أَجَلٍ مُسَمًّى. قِيلَ: أَكَانَ لَهُمْ زَرْعٌ? قَالَا: مَا كُنَّا نَسْأَلُهُمْ عَنْ ذَلِكَ } رَوَاهُ اَلْبُخَارِيُّ [2] .
Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA):
The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "Whoever accepts other people's wealth intending to pay it back, Allah will pay it back for him. And whoever accepts it intending to waste it, Allah, the Most High, will waste (destroy) him." [Reported by al-Bukhari].
وَعَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ - رضى الله عنه - عَنِ اَلنَّبِيِّ - صلى الله عليه وسلم -قَالَ: { مَنْ أَخَذَ أَمْوَالَ اَلنَّاسِ يُرِيدُ أَدَاءَهَا, أَدَّى اَللَّهُ عَنْهُ, وَمَنْ أَخَذَهَا [1] يُرِيدُ إِتْلَافَهَا, أَتْلَفَهُ اَللَّهُ } رَوَاهُ اَلْبُخَارِيُّ [2] .
Narrated 'Aishah (RA):
I said, "O Messenger of Allah, so-and-so has brought you clothes from Syria. What if you sent someone to him, and you get from him two garments on credit till it is easy for you to repay?" So he sent someone to him, but he refused. [al-Hakim and al-Baihaqi reported it, and its narrators are reliable].
وَعَنْ عَائِشَةَ -رَضِيَ اَللَّهُ عَنْهَا- قَالَتْ: { قُلْتُ: يَا رَسُولَ اَللَّهِ ! إِنَّ فُلَاناً قَدِمَ لَهُ بَزٌّ مِنَ اَلشَّامِ, فَلَوْ بَعَثْتَ إِلَيْهِ, فَأَخَذْتَ مِنْهُ ثَوْبَيْنِ بِنَسِيئَةٍ إِلَى مَيْسَرَةٍ? فَأَرْسَلَ إِلَيْهِ, فَامْتَنَعَ } أَخْرَجَهُ اَلْحَاكِمُ، وَالْبَيْهَقِيُّ, وَرِجَالُهُ ثِقَاتٌ [1] .
Narrated Abu Hurairah (RA):
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "An animal may be ridden, due to what is spent on it, when it is in pledge; and the milk of a camel may be drunk, due to what is spent on it, when it is in pledge. And the responsibility of spending on it is upon the one who rides (it) and drinks (its milk)." [Reported by al-Bukhari].
وَعَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ - رضى الله عنه - قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ - صلى الله عليه وسلم -{ اَلظَّهْرُ يُرْكَبُ بِنَفَقَتِهِ إِذَا كَانَ مَرْهُونًا, وَلَبَنُ اَلدَّرِّ يُشْرَبُ بِنَفَقَتِهِ إِذَا كَانَ مَرْهُونًا, وَعَلَى اَلَّذِي يَرْكَبُ وَيَشْرَبُ اَلنَّفَقَةُ } رَوَاهُ اَلْبُخَارِيُّ [1] .
Narrated [Abu Hurairah (RA)]:
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "A pledge does not become lost to its owner when he does not redeem it in time. Any increase in its value goes to him and any lost must be borne by him." [Reported by ad-Daraqutni and al-Hakim. Its narrators are reliable. However, the strongest opinion is that it is Mursal (missing link in the chain after the Tabi'i) as reported by Abu Dawud and others].
وَعَنْهُ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ -صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: { لَا يَغْلَقُ اَلرَّهْنُ مِنْ صَاحِبِهِ اَلَّذِي رَهَنَهُ, لَهُ غُنْمُهُ, وَعَلَيْهِ غُرْمُهُ } رَوَاهُ اَلدَّارَقُطْنِيُّ, وَالْحَاكِمُ, وَرِجَالهُ ثِقَاتٌ. إِلَّا أَنَّ اَلْمَحْفُوظَ عِنْدَ أَبِي دَاوُدَ وَغَيْرِهِ إِرْسَالُهُ [1] .
Narrated Abu Rafi' (RA):
The Prophet (ﷺ) borrowed a young camel from a man. So, when some Sadaqa camels came to him he ordered Abu Rafi (RA) to re-pay the man his young camel. He told him (ﷺ), "I can only find an excellent camel in its seventh year." He said, "Give it to him, for the best of people is he who discharges his debt in the best manner." [Reported by Muslim].
وَعَنْ أَبِي رَافِعٍ { أَنَّ اَلنَّبِيَّ - صلى الله عليه وسلم -اسْتَسْلَفَ مِنْ رَجُلٍ بَكْرًا [1] فَقَدِمَتْ عَلَيْهِ إِبِلٌ مِنَ اَلصَّدَقَةِ, فَأَمَرَ أَبَا رَافِعٍ أَنْ يَقْضِيَ اَلرَّجُلَ بَكْرَهُ, فَقَالَ: لَا أَجِدُ إِلَّا خَيَارًا [2] . قَالَ: " أَعْطِهِ إِيَّاهُ, فَإِنَّ خِيَارَ اَلنَّاسِ أَحْسَنُهُمْ قَضَاءً } رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ [3] .
Narrated 'Ali (RA):
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Every loan, which leads to a benefit, is usury." [al-Harith bin Abu Usamah reported it, but its chain of narrators is Saaqit (containing an extremely weak narrator)].
وَعَنْ عَلِيٍّ - رضى الله عنه - قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اَللَّهِ -صَلَّى اَللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ { كُلُّ قَرْضٍ جَرَّ مَنْفَعَةً, فَهُوَ رِبًا } رَوَاهُ اَلْحَارِثُ بْنُ أَبِي أُسَامَةَ, وَإِسْنَادُهُ سَاقِطٌ [1] .
The aforesaid Hadith has a weak supporting narration, on the authority of Fadalah bin 'Ubaid (RA) reported by al-Baihaqi.
وَلَهُ شَاهِدٌ ضَعِيفٌ عَنْ فَضَالَةَ بْنِ عُبَيْدٍ عِنْدَ اَلْبَيْهَقِيِّ [1] .